How Media Organizations Produce Audiences And Markets

This segment will review variety of literature exploring on how and why media organizations produce audiences and markets. The different types of audience theories there are will explore this, and how the audience reacts within these theories. There are many various audience theories out there, however six will be explored. â€Å"The word audience is so much part of our everyday talk that its complexity is often taken for granted.† (Ross Nightingale 2003) Today, media is surrounding us, whether it is television, films, magazines, games, radio, music, the news, and even billboards and posters, and we don’t even acknowledge it, unless it hits us in the face. Along with this media, comes different audience, and different reactions. The†¦show more content†¦Hall also suggested that the way an audience reacts, is dependant on their cultural backgrounds and how they were brought up, for example, if the mass media’s intended message is fruit is great, it all depends if an individual has been brought up to dislike fruit, etc. the audience is also given more credit, and it’s understood that they mat react in different ways. Reception theory is the social interaction aspect, and the Two-Step Flow theory is also similar. â€Å"Formulated first in the The People’s Choice, the hypothesis suggests that ‘ideas often flow from radio and print to the opinion leaders and from them to the less active sections of the population.’† (Lazarfield and Katz, 1970) Paul Felix Lazerfiled originally came up with this theory, and then later, Elihu Katz began working with him. The two of them looked at during the presidential elections, how the votes make up the audience’s minds and wrote a book exploring the different factors of it. They speculated how the mass media connects with people, however this communication is routed through opinion leaders. These people are very media-literate and they link their understanding to others. The mass media uses comedians as the opinion leaders, as they take real life news, and analyse it in a comical way, and the mass media probably entrust the comedians more, as they come across less bias and less of an agender, and the public find the news sometimes so bias, it was almost comical. Two-Step Flow theory is

Comparing The Declaration Of Independence, And U.s....

Comparison Paper In comparing Thomas Jefferson’s Letter to the Danbury Baptists, The Declaration of Independence, and U.S. Constitution, it is evident that the basis of all three documents is the idea that all human beings possess God-given fundamental rights and that government is created to protect those rights. The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, is the first of the three documents penned. This is important because it defined the rights of liberty and equality of all American citizens as outlined in John Locke’s natural law thesis (Martin, page 113). In addition to providing an itemized account of the grievances colonist’s held against King George III of England, it served to justify the colonist’s quest for independence and separation from British rule. The Declaration of Independence conveyed to the crown that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, which among these are life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The Founders’ of the New World understood that their pursuit of liberties and autonomy specified in the Declaration of Independence could not come to fruition without instituting decrees. In 1787, the U.S. Constitution, was written to replace the Articles of Confederation with a better defined series of stringent laws that would legally uphold the freedoms and privileges established in the Declaration of Independence. 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Critical Reasoning Cycle Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Critical Reasoning Cycle. Answer: Clinical reasoning cycle helps a nurse to critically analyze a patients situation and accordingly relate her knowledge ofnursing to it. This is then followed by the introduction of evidence based interventions in the care plan for the patient, which includes goals, actions and evaluation of outcomes (Forsberg, 2016). Often handling opioid tolerant patients becomes difficult for those nurses who have not been exposed prior to such a situation as treatment of opioid tolerant patient after surgery is different form opioiod nave patients. Hence, it is important for a nurse to develop prior knowledge of handling such patients and apply the correct ethical considerations when caring for the patient. The present assignment will highlight how a nurse totally ignored the condition of opioid tolerance patient and how she reflected the errors she made and leant form her mistake. This assignment will also contain the ethics required to handle such patients and provide effective treatment. A 60 year old lady was admitted in the ward after she had a fall in her garden when she was having an evening walk in assistance with her grandson of 14 years old. She was admitted to the ward with a fractured knee and was instructed for a knee arthroplasty. She was obese and was also suffering from immense pain due to her osteoarthritis. She was aged; the doctor had instructed her not to go for knee arthroplasty and therefore she had to undergo extensive pain in her knees. The medications that were provided to her could not give her relied form the pain and the doctor had to continually change her medication to long affecting opioid to give her relief on her request. She remains depressed and often cries because of her inability to move. He son had now requested the doctor to undertake knee arthroplasty to which his mother had also provided consent. She is a lover of fast food and requests her son to bring such food every day, her son could not deny thinking his mother may feel bad. She also does not take any exercise and have recently started taking walks in lawns half heartedly on advice of her son. She is on opioid treatment. Clinical reasoning cycle helps the healthcare professionals by proving them to use it as a tool which helps them to collect cues, process the information and thereby come to an understanding of the patient problem or the situation. This would be then followed by making a proper plan followed by the implementation of interventions as well as evaluation of outcomes (Liou, Liu, Tsai, Tsai, Lin, Chang, 2016). The nurse would then reflect upon the experiences so that she can apply the learning to net similar cases in her practice tenure in her professional life. The first step in a critical reasoning cycle is considering the patient situation. This mainly involves description as well as the list of facts, contexts, objects and people (Koivisto, Multisilta, Katajisto, 2016). The patient is aged and is offerings form obesity as well as osteoarthritis. She is a lover of fast foods and do not want to take any exercise regime. She is also suffering from restricted mobility and has developed a sense of depression because of her loss of independence. She cannot perform her activities by herself which keep her depressed. The next step involves the collection of cues and information of the patients. This step mainly involves reviewing current information, gathering new information and also recalling the knowledge (Hunter, 2016). She has faced a fall and had fractured her knees. The doctor has prescribed her to undergo for knee arthroplasty as there has been no other option to it. Her cause of development of obesity is mainly because of her inappropriate lifestyles, like having calorigenic fast food and lack or p[roper exercises. Her development of depression is mainly because of her lost of independence. Moreover her body weight is also affecting her conditions of osteoarthritis. Her knee arthroplasty will help her to overcome the pain to some extent and would be one of the contributor to her develop her quality of life. The next step is processing of the information which includes the nurses to interpret, discriminate, relate, infer and match the situation with past references. This would be followed by prediction phase (Dalton Gee, 2015). Here it is seen that the patient is not at all concerned about her own body weight and cannot realize the negative aspects related with her taking of fast food. She does not possess any health literacy and therefore she is unable to understand the pathopshysilogy of her gaining weight. Moreover she is also not having any idea about how her lack of enthusiasm to perform exercises is affecting her health. All these had resulted in heavy weight which is creating an additional pressure in her knees and worsening the condition of osteoarthritis. However her osteoarthritis is mainly due to the wear and tear of the cartilages that had taken place over the years and her love for remaining independence state that she was an ardent worker in the past in her young age (Kao Tsai, 2014). Therefore she is not being able to cope up with the change in the lifestyles. The next stage is synthesis of the facts and the inferences to identify the problem and thereby make a proper diagnosis. From the previous steps, it is seen that there obesity of the patient is creating an extra stress on her osteoarthritis condition. It is very important to make her correct her body weight as this might still create issues even when she undergoes knee arthroplasty as her knees might face extra pressure due to her body weight (Loew, Kenny, Durand-Bush, Poitras, Wells, 2014). Moreover she should be allowed to undertake therapies with counselor like interpersonal therapy as well as cognitive behavioral therapy. All these are important for her to develop a better quality life. The next stages are the establishment of goal and then taking appropriate action for them. The first goal would be to provide her with preoperative education with her knee arthroplasty surgery so that she can be well prepared with the situation and cope up with the situation so that she feels less stressed after the operation. For this the action that should be taken is to make her proper appointments of classes of preoperative education. The second goal would be to fix up a meeting with a dietician who would be providing her with her health education and give her a proper diet which would be helpful for her to stick to a low calorie diet. A proper exercise regime would be set for her who she would need to take to maintain her weight and also to develop her mobility (Tanaka, Ozawa, Kito, 2016). The third goal and action to be taken is to make her free from her depression and for that the patient should be prescribed to meet with a counselor and also undertake cognitive behavioral th erapy and also interpersonal therapy. Proper medication administration should be continued as per the medication so that her health condition is gradually made stable. The next step is the evaluation of outcomes. In each of the action, the nurse should take the responsibility of proper assessment at interval of 12 hours in order to check that each and every goals and actions that she had implemented are bringing in best results in the patient (Williams, 2015). f any of the actions are not bringing positive results, then the nurse should modify the action at once so that her length of day in the hospital is not increased and she can experience better health as much faster as possible. The eight step of the clinical reasoning cycle would be the reflection phase where the nurse or the healthcare professional needs to reflect on her own practice in order to learn from her mistakes and to handle the cases in amore better way form the nest time onwards. I came to know a very crucial fact form the handling of the patient which I was not at all aware before. The patient was opioid tolerant and I never took this fact into consideration while planning my critical reasoning cycle. I was severely criticized by mynursing mentor for the error I made while providing her with the opioid post treatment. I had never handled any cases of opioid tolerant patient before and therefore I never knew of the consequences which might occur if I provide similar opioid medication to an opioid tolerant patient post surgery in comparison to that of opioid nave persons. As I had provided a normal course of opioid medication provided to all patients, I had provided the dame medication to the pat ient. However, the patient started to shout aloud in pain and on assessment of the pain management scale, it was seen that her score was 9/10. Seeing this, the mentor arrived immediately and asked me to follow the procedure required to take for opioid tolerant patient. She taught me that as the patient had been staying on long acting opioid for long time due to her pain of osteoarthritis, the medications are not acting for her and as a result her sensation of pain is very high. Ketamine in low sub anesthetic doses are helpful in acting primarily as the non competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors (Vaid, Green, Shinkaruk, 2016). Therefore I have leant that post operative administration of ketamine in opioid tolerant patients can lead to improved pain scores as well as decreased opioid concentration. The patient is now addicted to opioid and for this, the medication would be highly beneficial. This should be administered in the form of low dose in IV or SC infusion (Pasero, Quinlan-C olwell, Rae, Broglio, 2016). Moreover I had actually provided under-medication and therefore the patients pain score was quite high. The medication which can bring positive effect is the transdermal fentanyl patches. Moreover after surgery, I have also learnt that transition form an intravenous or epidural to an oral opioid regime needs special attention from healthcare professionals in opioid tolerant patients. They need to have opioids for a prolonged period of time via intravenous or epidural route when compared with opioid-naive patients. Transition period to oral medication of opiod will need time and monitoring of sedation should be maintained as well. The first 24 to 48 hours need the patient to be associated with intravenous opioids via PCA after which oral medication doses can be started. The first ethics that the nurses should keep in mind during the management is opioid tolerant patients is providing the patient with the scope of autonomy and dignity. A patient should be given the chance of expressing their own concern, fear, anxiety as well as the stress they are experiencing. It is the responsibility of the nurse to address the patients concerns and take appropriate interventions accordingly (de Koning, Penninx, Elders, Heijboer, Smit, ... Lips, 2015) . This will help the patent to report better satisfaction after the treatment and this will also ensure the nurse to develop the linking, disliking, important facts and incidences about the patient which can help her in the long run. Another ethics that the nurse should follow is the provision of the safest intervention in order to ensure that the patient is free from any sort of threats (Krokmyrdal, 2015). The nurse should be responsible enough to take proper assessment of the patient history about the intake of o pioids and be prepared prior to any surgical advancements. This would ensure the best care to the patient where the patient would not have to go through severe pain in any stage of the treatment. This ethics is based on the principle of beneficence where it becomes the duty of the nurse to provide the best practice to that of the patients. The third ethics that the nurse should also ensure is that she herself is free from any sort of bias and emotion. The nurses should strictly adhere to the guidelines of ethics which will help her to provide the best, unemotional, practical way of treatment and care which would be free from biasness and emotions (Bockhold, 2016). This should be irrespective of the caste creed, religion as well as culture of the patient. These factors should never influence the decisions and the pattern of care for the patient. This is based on the principle of justice. From the above assignment, it was found that how clinical reasoning cycle helped the nurse to handle the patient situation effectively. It helped the nurse to establish the link that is present between the different co morbid disorders and how each of them have been affecting her present conditions leading to a poor quality life. Not only her physical condition, but her mental condition was also analyzed with establishment of proper care plan. However, the refection phase helped to identify the mistake that had been conducted by the nurse. She had completely no idea those opioid resistant patient require different sides of medication as the normal pain medication does not bring them proper results. With the help of the mentor, she was able to learn the procedure. The important ethics, of maintaining the patients autonomy, providing the best and safest intervention by beneficence and providing an unbiased care with the principle of justice are the three ethics which should be maintain ed by the nurse for treatment of the opioid nave patients. This would help her to protect herself form ethical and legal obligations. Bibliography Bockhold, C. R. (2016). he ethics of opioids for chronic noncancer pain. Nursing2017 , 63-67. Dalton, L., Gee, T. .-J. (2015). Using clinical reasoning and simulation-based education to'flip'the Enrolled Nurse curriculum. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, , 29. de Koning, E. J., Penninx, B. W., Elders, P. J., Heijboer, A. C., Smit, J. H., ... Lips, P. (2015). Vitamin D supplementation to prevent depression and poor physical function in older adults:. BMC geriatrics , 151. Forsberg, E. Z. (2016). Assessing progression of clinical reasoning through virtual patients: An exploratory study. . Nurse education in practice , 97-103. Hunter, S. . (2016). Clinical reasoning ofnursing students on clinical placement: Clinical educators' perceptions. Nurse education in practice, , 73-79. Kao, M. H., Tsai, Y. F. (2014). Illness experiences in middle?aged adults with early?stage knee osteoarthritis: findings from a qualitative study. Journal of advanced nursing , 1564-1572. Koivisto, J. M., Multisilta, J. N., Katajisto, J. . (2016). Learning by playing: A cross-sectional descriptive study of nursing students' experiences of learning clinical reasoning. Nurse education today , 73-89. Krokmyrdal, K. A. (2015). Nurses' competence in pain management in patients with opioid addiction: A cross-sectional survey study. Nurse education today , 789-794. Liou, S. R., Liu, H. C., Tsai, H. M., Tsai, Y. H., Lin, Y. C., Chang, C. H. (2016). The development and psychometric testing of a theory?based instrument to evaluate nurses perception of clinical reasoning competence. Journal of advanced nursing , 707-717. Loew, L., Kenny, G. P., Durand-Bush, N., Poitras, S., Wells, G. A. (2014). The Implementation of an Effective Aerobic Walking Program Based on Ottawa Panel Guidelines for Older Individuals with Mild to Moderate Osteoarthritis:. A Participant Exercise Preference Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial Protocol Design , 2014. Pasero, C., Quinlan-Colwell, A., Rae, D., Broglio, K. . (2016). American Society for Pain Management Nursing position statement: Prescribing and administering opioid doses based solely on pain intensity. Pain Management Nursing , 170-180. Tanaka, R., Ozawa, J., Kito, N. . (2016). Effects of exercise therapy on walking ability in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clinical rehabilitation , 36-52. Vaid, P., Green, T., Shinkaruk, K. .-S. (2016). Low-Dose Ketamine Infusions for Highly Opioid-Tolerant Adults Following Spinal Surgery: A Retrospective Before-and-after Study. Pain Management Nursing , 150-158. Williams, L. S. (2015). Understanding medical surgical nursing. FA Davi. 56.

T.S. EliotS The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock Essays - Chapbooks

T.S. Eliot'S ?The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock? Philosophers recognize the harmony and duality of the universe with symbols like Ying and Yang. The title character in T.S. Eliots poem, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, has not. The poem is an internal monologue where Prufrock reveals himself as lonely and timid. Prufrock is a man in conflict with his duality, the society he has to live in, and the long lost dreams of his youth. Hot and cold, fire and water; duality is part of nature. Prufrock is not in harmony with his two sides. On the surface Prufrock is like a field mouse, frozen by fear who asks, Do I dare? And Do I dare? Inside is a tiger that knows there is time to murder and create. Prufrock is a tiger in the body of a field mouse. Prufrocks field mouse is what society sees. Instead of cats and owls, ridicule and rejection are his natural enemies. Prufrock fears he is not able to meet societys standard. He fears society will have him pinned and wriggling on the wall. J. Alfred Prufrock is afraid, not only of what they will say, but how society will look at him. Prufrocks inner tiger wants to ride seaward on the waves and experience the passion of his youth. He is aroused by the perfume from a dress, but is held back by fear. Now, he only dreams of one night cheap hotels, because he knows those times are past. He has seen his life pass by, teaspoon by teaspoon, and knows death is waiting; laughing at a life half lived. Some use the sun to measure days; Prufrock uses a coffee spoon. No longer the man he was, and unable to deal with the man he has become, Prufrock can not coexist with himself or society. The poem, an internal monologue, reveals the timidity and loneliness of J. Alfred Prufrock. Poetry

Flexible Workplaces are Important for Todays Organizations

Flexible Workplaces are Important for Todays Organizations Globalization, industrialization and technological advancements have led to a status quo where organizations are constantly being forced to forging alliances with individuals from different nations around the globe in order to tap into the best talents for the various jobs irrespective of their age, race and sex.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Flexible Workplaces are Important for Today’s Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, the importance of creating ideal working environment for employees cannot be understated. This paper shall in detail discuss the impacts of having Flexible workplaces in today’s organizations. The benefits and flaws of these programs shall be highlighted and recommendations on how organizations can promote the same given. Hankin (2008) asserts that good leadership is about respecting and acknowledging differences among people in relation to their age, sex, ethnic ity, abilities and beliefs. The success of any business depends on the level of commitment, loyalty and productivity of the workforce. As such, each organization should ensure that the employees are always at their best; psychologically, mentally and physically. Having a flexible workplace creates one avenue through which these desirable aspects can be realized and harnessed. With this in mind, the question that is left wanting is; what does flexible workplace mean? According to Golden (2000), this term refers to the ability of an organization to adapt to an individual’s mode of working to suit both the employee’s and employer’s needs. What this means is that the employees are given the freedom to schedule how they fulfill their duties and obligations in an effective and timely manner. As the cost of living escalates all over the world, more people are indeed looking for work so that they can meet their needs (especially those with children). In addition, limita tions in terms of costs and reliability in the transport sector present a barrier to such determinations. As such, workers are working extra hard to maintain a healthy life-work balance. How does an organization cope with these cultural and economic hurdles? For any organization to remain relevant in the current competitive business environment, it has to consider the needs of its employees and address them accordingly. This will in return ensure that they give it their best. However, the interconnection between work and life issues cannot be overplayed.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because they affect each other and actively contribute to the actions which an employee undertakes in a given scenario. Workers must adhere to the job requirements but at the same time, due consideration should be given to their personal affairs. The proponents of flexible wo rk programs contend that they offer a competitive advantage to those organizations that embrace them. This they attribute to the fact that these programs ensure employee retention. In a survey report presented by Golden (2000), a significant amount of workers claimed that they needed flexible work schedules so that they could at least get some time off to spend with their families and do other personal things. The underlying reasons behind this proposal included but were not limited to; flexible work schedule would give them time to spend with their growing children, they offer a viable solution to the transportation crisis, enables willing workers to have more than one job especially those working on minimum wages. Considering the professional manner in which employees are expected to act, it may be argued that personal ethics should only play a secondary role in the decision making process of the employee since they sometimes hold no significant backing. However, total disregard f or ones belief system may lead to psychological disturbances and hence greatly affecting the productivity of the worker (Hankin, 2005). Therefore due merit should be given to an employee’s personal ethics. There exist various packages that serve as a framework when dealing with flexible work issues in any business settings. They act as viable options that an employee may decide to choose depending on their work-life balance schedule. There exist various options such as telecommuting, flexi time, compressed work days/weeks, job sharing and prolonged leave among others. All these option are designed to cater for the needs of various employees so that they can attain their work-life balance. As stated by Peper et al (2005) there are various benefits that employees have attested to since the introduction of these programs in 2003. The benefits range from flexibility to cater for family needs and personal responsibilities in a convenient manner, reduction in travel costs and commu ting time, reduced workload therefore a reduction in stress, ability to work at the desirable environment and time (morning person and night person) and those with children claim that such flexibility reduces the costs and hours dedicated to external childcare services. From an organizational point of view, flexible work schedules increase employee morale as well as their commitment to the organization. According to Peper et al (2005) flexibility at work reduces stress and gives the employees a chance to work in their desirable environment thus increasing their productivity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Flexible Workplaces are Important for Today’s Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Also, many employers claim that these programs reduce absenteeism since employees have the chance to sort out the issues that lead to the same. In addition, having flexible work schedules enables an organization to extend its hours of operations for various departments such as the customer care a fact that ensures consumer loyalty and quality assurance in terms of service delivery. However, there is a down side to these programs. Shields (2007), states that in as much as these programs may help an organization retain employees, boost their morale and increase their productivity, there are challenges that are worth noting. For starters, flexible work schedules entails working from an ideal environment and time. Options such as flexiplace where workers work from the comfort of their homes use laptops and compress hours so as to create freer time eliminates the need for supervisors. As such, employees are not under pressure to perform and this may reduce their productivity. In addition, working from home has its own challenges such as distractions, children, friends and entertainment. In most cases, employees have stated that the productivity and quality of work reduced tremendously upon the intr oduction of these flexible work hours and places. On the same note, it becomes very difficult to monitor and manage home workers due to their residential location and lack of resources to supervise all of them. Also, there is a high possibility of the employees loosing their working skills, the organization may incur more costs while providing the necessary equipments to meet all standards of a good working environment such as safety standards, laptops and PDAs an catering for the needs of disabled employees. Finally the most threatening disadvantage of flex work schedules is the general problem of communicating with the employees and maintaining information security (Madura, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Over the past decade, many organizations have accepted the flexible work programs due to the competitive nature of the business environment. As such, organizations are constantly pressuring employees to do more with the little resources available. This in turn has forced employees to work more hours so as to meet the high expectations set by the organizations that they represent. IBM a leading computer manufacturer is among the companies that adapted well to these programs. Bohlander and Snell (2009), state that you could not stay for a long time before you get wind that IBM was laying off workers. Consequently, the productivity of the company reduced and its public image was tarnished since employees were less motivated and under constant fear of loosing their jobs. They therefore introduced telecommuting and job sharing as alternatives means of maintaining their work force all the while reducing the costs of maintaining them. Job sharing refers to the situation whereby two employe es share the same job but work at different times. In this scenario, some employees at IBM worked for approximately 20 hrs per week instead of the expected 40 hrs. This gave them a chance to remain relevant to the organization through sharing their jobs instead of firing them. On the other hand, telecommuting is most effective to some jobs such as accountants, engineers, programmers, writers and even architects. IBM being a computer manufacturing company employed this program so as to retain the most talented workers and at the same time reduce costs such as overtime and transport allowances. The importance of having flexible work schedules to any given organization cannot be taken lightly. There are various measures that organizations can employ to ensure great work flexibility that support employee’s work-life balance. According to the Golden (2000), employers must incorporate work-life balance initiatives into the organization’s mission statement, strategic and oper ational plans. This will boost organization commitment. In addition, they should establish the timeframe and planning strategies to be used in the introduction and implementation process of these programs. However, due consideration should be given to the cost, needs on the organization as well as those of the employees and the impacts of these programs to service delivery, productivity and to the legislative framework in place (Griffin, 2006). To further encourage flexibility in organizations, employers must develop a work life balance policy and other relevant programs that support flexible work places and hours. In addition, they should ensure that they include training programs that facilitate work life balance such as induction training, time management, computer literacy among others. Also, employers must ensure that there is equitable access to flexible work schedules to all employees and develop guidelines that may be used in assessing requests. These guidelines must include the decision making process used, negotiation and how these programs are to be implemented. Finally, the employers must try to provide appropriate support services that facilitate optimum work life balance (Shields, 2005). In conclusion, the importance of flexible workplaces to an organization has been discussed in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages of the same have also been offered. Recommendations on how organizations can encourage flexibility at work have also been given. In my opinion, I believe that these programs if well managed will increase productivity and boost employee’s morale. This will in the long run ensure that an organization remains relevant and give it the strength it requires to survive the obstacles and challenges that are rife in today’s business environment. References Bohlander, G Snell, S 2009, Managing Human Resources, Cengage Learning. Griffin, R W 2006, Management, Cengage Learning. Golden, L 2000, Flexible work schedules: who g ets them and what are workers giving up to get them?, Pennsylvania State University, Dept of Labor Studies and Industrial Relations. Hankin, H 2005, The new workforce: Five sweeping trends that will shape your companys future, AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Madura, J 2006, Introduction to business, Cengage Learning. Peper, B et al 2005, Flexible working and organisational change: the integration of work and personal life, Edward Elgar Publishing. Shields, J 2007, Managing employee performance and reward: concepts, practices, strategies, Cambridge University Press.

Biography of Egon Schiele, Expressionist Artist

Biography of Egon Schiele, Expressionist Artist Austrian artist Egon Schiele (June 12, 1890- October 31, 1918) is best known for his expressionistic- and often sexually explicit- depictions of the human body. He was a successful artist in his time, but his career was cut short by the Spanish flu pandemic. He died at age 28. Fast Facts: Egon Schiele Occupation: ArtistKnown For: Sexually explicit paintings that shocked audiences and pushed the boundaries of the art world.Born: June 12, 1890 in Tulln, Austria-HungaryDied: October 31, 1918 in Vienna, Austria-HungaryEducation: Academy of Fine Arts ViennaSelected Works: Kneeling Nude with Raised Hands (1910), Self-Portrait with Chinese Lantern Plant (1912), Death and the Maiden (1915)Notable Quote: Art cannot be modern. Art is primordially eternal. Early Life Born in Tulln, Austria, on the banks of the Danube River, Egon Schiele was the son of Adolf Schiele, a station master for the Austrian State Railways. Trains were the subject of many of Egons early drawings as a child. He was known to spend many hours drawing and avoiding other topics in school. Egon Schiele had three sisters: Melanie, Elvira, and Gerti. Elvira often modeled for her brothers paintings. She married Schieles friend, the artist Anton Peschka. Schiele was close to his sister Gerti, the youngest child of the family; some biographical accounts suggest that the relationship was incestuous. Schieles father died from syphilis when the artist was 15. Schiele became a ward of his maternal uncle, Leopold Czihaczek. With the change of households, Schiele experienced support for his interest in art. In 1906, he enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. Career Beginnings In 1907, a teenage Egon Schiele sought out the famed artist Gustav Klimt, the founder of the Vienna Secession. Klimt took a keen interest in Schiele and bought his drawings while also introducing him to other patrons. Schieles early works show a strong influence of art nouveau and the style of the Vienna Secession. Klimt invited Schiele to exhibit his work at the 1909 Vienna Kuntschau. Schiele encountered the work of many other artists at the event, including Edvard Munch and Vincent van Gogh. Shortly after, Schieles work began to explore the human form in a sometimes sexually explicit manner. His 1910 painting Kneeling Nude with Raised Hands is seen as one of the most important nude pieces of the early 20th century. However, many observers at the time considered Schieles frank sexual content disturbing. In later years, Schiele distanced himself from Klimts ornate art nouveau-inspired aesthetic. Instead, his works began to take on a dark, emotional feel, emphasizing the intensity of human psychology. Arrest and Controversy From 1910 to 1912, Schiele participated in a wide range of group shows in Prague, Budapest, Cologne, and Munich. He founded the Neukunstgrupped (New Art Group) as a rebellion against the conservative nature of the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. The group included other young artists such as Austrian expressionist Oskar Kokoschka. In 1911, Schiele met 17-year-old Walburga Neuzil. Neuzil lived with Schiele and served as a model for many of his paintings. Together, they left Vienna for Krumau, a small town that is now part of the Czech Republic. It was the birthplace of Egons mother. The couple was driven out of the town by local residents who disapproved of their way of life, including the fact that Schiele hired local teenage girls as nude models. Schiele and Neuzel moved to the small Austrian town of Neulengbach, about 35 kilometers west of Vienna. Egons art studio became a gathering place for local teenagers, and in 1912, he was arrested for seducing a young underaged girl. Police searching the studio seized more than one hundred drawings considered pornographic. A judge later dropped charges of seduction and abduction but convicted the artist of exhibiting erotic works in places accessible to children. He spent 24 days in jail. Schiele painted Self-Portrait with Chinese Lantern Plant in 1912. Historians consider it one of his most significant self-portraits. He depicted himself staring at viewers in a confident fashion. It avoids an idealized view of the artist by showing lines and scars on his face and neck. It was exhibited in Munich in 1912 and now resides in Viennas Leopold Museum. In 1913, the Galerie Hans Goltz produced Egon Schieles first solo show. He had another solo exhibition in Paris in 1914. In 1915, Schiele decided to marry Edith Harms, a daughter of middle-class parents in Vienna. He reportedly expected to also keep his relationship with Walburga Neuzil, but when she found out about the intent to marry Edith, she left, and Schiele never saw her again. He painted Death and the Maiden in response to the split with Neuzil, and he married Edith on June 17, 1915. Military Service Schiele avoided signing up to fight in World War I for nearly a year, but three days after his wedding, authorities called him to active duty in the army. Edith followed him to Prague, the city where he was stationed, and they were allowed to occasionally see each other. Despite his military service guarding and escorting Russian prisoners, Schiele continued to paint and exhibit his work. He had shows in Zurich, Prague, and Dresden. Due to a heart condition, Schiele received a desk job assignment as a clerk at a prisoner of war camp. There, he drew and painted imprisoned Russian officers. Final Years and Death In 1917, Schiele returned to Vienna and co-founded the Vienna Kunsthalle (Art Hall) with his mentor, Gustav Klimt. Schiele painted prolifically and participated in the Vienna Secessions 49th exhibit in 1918. Fifty of his works were displayed in the main hall of the event. The exhibition was a rousing success. In 1918, the worldwide Spanish flu pandemic struck Vienna. Six months pregnant, Edith Schiele died of the flu on October 28, 1918. Egon Schiele died three days later. He was 28 years old. Legacy Egon Schiele was a crucial figure in the development of Expressionism in painting. Schiele painted a phenomenal number of self-portraits and executed more than 3,000 drawings. His works often have stark emotional content in addition to the frank study of the human body. He worked alongside both Gustav Klimt and Oskar Kokoschka, other key Austrian artists of the era. Schieles short yet prolific art career, the sexually explicit content of his work, and the allegations of sexual misconduct against the artist himself have made him the subject of multiple films, essays, and dance productions. The Leopold Museum in Vienna has the most extensive collection of Schieles work: over 200 pieces. Schieles work draws some of the highest contemporary prices at auction. In 2011, Houses With Colorful Laundry (Suburb II) sold for $40.1 million. In 2018, the 100th anniversary of Egon Schieles death inspired significant exhibitions of his work in London, Paris, and New York. Source Natter, Tobias G. Egon Schiele: The Complete Paintings, 1909-1918. Taschen, 2017.

History and philosophy of International Baccalaureate programme Essay

History and philosophy of International Baccalaureate programme - Essay Example The research also finds that there is need for further research regarding the efficacy and efficiency of the IBP versus those of ordinary educational programs. In the meritocratic world of today, where the quality of education is greatly valued, it seems important to evaluate the different systems of education in order to assure that the future generation gets the best education possible. With the effects of globalization on today’s world, whereby mobility is an essential factor in the work arena, finding an education system that can be validated internationally is of great importance. Many of the novel problems in the globalized world have been solved through the evolution of International Baccalaureate Program. The International Baccalaureate Program evolved to allow for the children of mobile parents worldwide to receive a good education. It was intended to enable students to qualify for universities of their choice and study in international schools. So, what started as a solution to a global problem was embraced worldwide because of the academic rigor and international education imparted thereby (Walker, 2004, p. 7). The International School of Geneva was founded in 1924 to meet the needs of the employees of the, now defunct, League of Nations. The school was the oldest international school in Geneva to survive the Second World War. Its inception was, indeed, a first step towards world harmony and, thus, peace. Its staff came from different countries; the school had to accommodate a diverse range of culture and also prepare the children for university education in their own countries (Peterson, 2005). Although, in the beginning, the idea ignited some of the post war idealists, due to low mobility it did not grow as it did after the Second World War. In 1951, the International Schools Association (ISA) was set up to help the growing number of international schools. One of the problems encountered by schools throughout the world was to